De los recursos locales al agua segura: enfoques circulares para el tratamiento descentralizado del agua
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47606/ACVEN/PH0607Keywords:
cáscara de cacao, adsorción, zeolitas naturales, carbón activado, filtración doméstica.Abstract
El acceso a agua segura continúa siendo un desafío en regiones rurales y de bajos ingresos, donde los sistemas convencionales de purificación pueden ser costosos o insostenibles. Los residuos de la producción de cacao, particularmente la cáscara de la mazorca, pueden valorizarse como precursores de carbón activado, mientras que las zeolitas naturales ofrecen mecanismos complementarios de adsorción e intercambio iónico. Esta revisión bibliométrica, complementada con una síntesis narrativa cualitativa, examina estrategias de economía circular basadas en adsorbentes disponibles localmente para el tratamiento descentralizado de agua. Los registros bibliográficos se obtuvieron de Scopus mediante una estrategia de búsqueda estructurada y se seleccionaron según criterios de elegibilidad predefinidos. Un corpus final de 472 artículos publicados entre 2016 y 2026 fue analizado en VOSviewer mediante conteo fraccional y redes complementarias de coocurrencia de Author Keywords y All Keywords. La evidencia muestra mecanismos de remoción complementarios y sugiere que la integración híbrida puede mejorar la eficiencia, durabilidad y regeneración, además de valorizar residuos agrícolas y minerales locales. La síntesis considera capacidad de adsorción, tiempo de contacto en lecho vacío, objetivos de remoción, regeneración y desempeño hidráulico. Persisten brechas relacionadas con pH variable, iones competidores, estabilidad a largo plazo, escalamiento, reproducibilidad y adopción comunitaria. La evidencia respalda una ruta metodológica orientada a optimizar la activación de residuos de cacao, integrar el carbón obtenido con zeolitas y evaluar filtros híbridos en condiciones realistas de laboratorio y campo. Este enfoque de economía circular puede contribuir a soluciones locales y de bajo costo para el abastecimiento de agua potable en comunidades rurales.
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