Factors of School Violence: A systematic literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47606/ACVEN/PH0373Keywords:
School violence, cyberbullying, family dynamics, socioeconomic inequalitiesAbstract
This study aimed to identify the factors contributing to school violence and to examine effective strategies for its prevention. A qualitative systematic review was conducted, involving documentary analysis of scholarly articles retrieved from databases including Scielo, Web of Science, and Dimensions. Specific inclusion criteria were applied to select studies focused on school violence. Findings indicate that key determinants include dysfunctional family dynamics such as lack of emotional support and persistent conflict socioeconomic inequalities, cyberbullying, exposure to violent digital content, mental health challenges, interethnic tensions, and non-inclusive school cultures. Notably, cyberbullying emerged as a critical factor during the COVID-19 pandemic, affecting 42.8% of adolescents. These results underscore the need for multidimensional prevention strategies that address the interplay of familial, social, and institutional factors contributing to school violence.
Downloads
References
Alvarado, J. M., Jiménez-Blanco, A., Artola, T., Sastre, S., y Azañedo, C. M. (2020). Emotional intelligence and the different manifestations of bullying in children. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(23), 8842. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238842 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238842
Álvarez Quiroz, G. B., Guerrero Martelo, M. F., Algarín Alcalá, S. P., Zamudio González, R. D., y Sánchez Márquez, N. I. (2023). Relación entre bullying, ciberbullying y autoestima: prevalencia y factores asociados en adolescentes de Colombia. Zona Próxima, (38), 88-109. https://doi.org/10.14482/zp.38.329.137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14482/zp.38.329.137
Antoñanzas, J. L., Negrillo, E. A., Moyano, N., & Cano, J. (2022). School Factors Associated with Perpetrators and Victims of Direct and Indirect Bullying among Adolescents. Universitas Psychologica, 21. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy21.sfap DOI: https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy21.sfap
Aparecida Beserra, M., Monique Carlos, D., Da Cruz Leitão, M. N., y Carvalho Ferriani, M. D. G. (2019). Prevalencia de violencia en la escuela y uso de alcohol y otras drogas entre adolescentes. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 27, e3110. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2124.3110 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2124.3110
Avendaño-Porras, V. D., Alfonzo-Albores, I., de la Puente, M., Díaz-Téllez, Á. S., Tamez-Martínez, X., y Bajaña-Miranda, S. R. (2022). Digitilization in Latin American higher education under Covid-19. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 6(1), 3289-3298. https://journalppw.com/index.php/jppw/article/view/5255/3443
Baier, D., Krieg, Y., Hong, J. S., & Kliem, S. (2021). Who beats their partner, and who beats their schoolmates? A comparison of teen dating and school physical violence perpetration in Lower Saxony, Germany. New directions for child and adolescent development, 2021(178), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20439 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20439
Belmonte Arévalo, A. B., Alonso Salas, S., Horgas Aliaga, O., Chacón Cuberos, R., Nogueras Alabarce, J. M., y Ocaña Povedano, A. (2024). Relación del género en la asociación entre victimización, ciberbullying e Inteligencia Emocional en adolescentes. Electronic Journal of Research in Education Psychology, 22(62), 57-76. https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v22i62.8854 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v22i62.8854
Benítez-Sillero, J. D. D., Corredor-Corredor, D., Martínez-Aranda, L. M., Abellán-Aynés, O., Portela-Pino, I., y Raya-González, J. (2023). Relationship between physical fitness and cyberbullying patterns (cybervictimization and cyberperpetration) in Spanish adolescents. Behavioral Sciences, 13(11), 952. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13110952 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13110952
Bourou, A., Karkalousos, P., Kriebardis, A. G., & Papageorgiou, E. (2024). Exploring aggressive behaviors in Greek secondary schools: prevalence, sociodemographic factors, and comparative analysis with elementary school students. Behavioral Sciences, 14(5), 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14050405 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14050405
Carretero Bermejo, R., Nolasco Hernández, A., y Gracia Sánchez, L. (2022). Non-normality as a predictor of participation in bullying: valuation in victims and aggressors. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(10), 6344. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106344 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106344
Cassiani-Miranda, C. A., Campo-Arias, A., y Caballero-Domínguez, C. C. (2022). Factors associated with cyberbullying victimisation among Colombian high-school adolescents. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 15(1), 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-021-00355-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-021-00355-z
Comas-Sánchez, D., Coba-Quintana, J. I., & Hidalgo-Vásconez, V. N. (2025). Ciberacoso en adolescentes en el contexto del uso de redes sociales. Revista Arbitrada Interdisciplinaria De Ciencias De La Salud. Salud Y Vida, 9(18), 103–119. https://doi.org/10.35381/s.v.v9i18.4638
Cheng, C. M., Chu, J., Ganson, K. T., Trompeter, N., Testa, A., Jackson, D. B., ... y Nagata, J. M. (2023). Cyberbullying and eating disorder symptoms in US early adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 56(12), 2336-2342. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.24034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.24034
De Lima Dias, R. J. (2023). Confronting school violence in Brazil: insights from social psychology for safer educational environments. Contribuciones a las Ciencias Sociales, 16(10), 22508-22523. https://doi.org/10.55905/revconv.16n.10-225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55905/revconv.16n.10-225
Díaz-Téllez, Á. S., Mejía-Ríos, J., y Aristizábal-Murillo, I. D. (2022). Aproximación a la intersección entre comunicación y psicología desde los términos concepto y mediación. Investigación & Desarrollo, 29(2), 260-291. https://doi.org/10.14482/INDES.29.2.150 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14482/indes.29.2.150
Donoso Vázquez, T., Rubio Hurtado, M. J., y Vilà Baños, R. (2019). Factores asociados a la cibervictimización en adolescentes españoles de 12-14 años. Health & Addictions/Salud y Drogas, 19(1), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v19i1.398 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v19i1.398
Estrada-Vidal, L. I., Epelde-Larrañaga, A., y Chacón-Borrego, F. (2021). Predictive Model of The Factors Involved in Cyberbullying of Adolescent Victims. Front Psychol. 12, 798926. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.798926 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.798926
Fregoso Borrego, D., Vera Noriega, J. A., Duarte Tanori, K. G., y Velasco Arellanes, F. J. (2021). Factores asociados a la victimización en episodios de violencia escolar. Informes Psicológicos, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.18566/infpsic.v21n1a15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18566/infpsic.v21n1a15
Gan, X., Wang, P., Huang, C., Li, H., & Jin, X. (2022). Alienation from school and cyberbullying among Chinese middle school students: A moderated mediation model involving self-esteem and emotional intelligence. Frontiers in public health, 10, 903206. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.903206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.903206
García-Fernández, C. M., Romera-Félix, E. M., Córdoba-Alcaide, F., y Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2018). Agresión y victimización: la percepción del alumnado y factores asociados. Electronic Journal of Research in Education Psychology, 16(45), 367-387. https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v16i45.2098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v16i45.2098
Gohal, G., Alqassim, A., Eltyeb, E., Rayyani, A., Hakami, B., Al Faqih, A., ... & Mahfouz, M. (2023). Prevalence and related risks of cyberbullying and its effects on adolescent. BMC psychiatry, 23(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04542-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04542-0
Gonçalves Alves, D. L., Maia Pinto, F. J., Stelko-Pereira, A. C., Ferreira Gomes, M. L., Rodrigues Nunes, B., Rocha da Silva, S., ... & De Castro Peixoto, R. M. (2024). Early Use of Alcohol: Correlation with School Violence and Social-Emotional Skills. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 40, e40302. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e40302.en DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e40302.en
Halliday, S., Taylor, A., Turnbull, D., & Gregory, T. (2023). The relationship between early adolescent cyberbullying victimization and later emotional wellbeing and academic achievement. Psychology in the Schools, 60(12), 5281-5301. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.23032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.23032
Lee, J., Chun, J., Kim, J., Lee, J., & Lee, S. (2021). A social-ecological approach to understanding the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and suicidal ideation in South Korean adolescents: The moderating effect of school connectedness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(20), 10623. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010623 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010623
Levine, R. S., Bintliff, A. V., & Raj, A. (2022). Gendered analysis of cyberbullying victimization and its associations with suicidality: findings from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Adolescents, 2(2), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents2020019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents2020019
Lin, S., & Xiao, B. (2023). The relationship between paranoid tendencies and cyberbullying among Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of moral disengagement. Behavioral Sciences, 13(2), 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13020102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13020102
Lucas-Molina, B., Pérez-Albéniz, A., Solbes-Canales, I., Ortuño-Sierra, J., & Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (2022). Bullying, cyberbullying and mental health: The role of student connectedness as a school protective factor. Psychosocial Intervention, 31(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2022a1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2022a1
Maharjan, M., & Shrestha, S. (2022). Bullying victimization and its associated factors among adolescent students. Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital, 21(1), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v21i1.39815 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v21i1.39815
Maurya, C., Muhammad, T., Dhillon, P., & Maurya, P. (2022). The effects of cyberbullying victimization on depression and suicidal ideation among adolescents and young adults: a three year cohort study from India. BMC psychiatry, 22(1), 599. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04238-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04238-x
Mejía, J., Díaz, A., y Varela, V. (2022). Reflexiones sobre la noción de mediación en el contexto de la psicología y la comunicación: Una mirada en clave de la complejidad. En V. Meriño et al. (Eds.), Gestión del conocimiento: Perspectiva multidisciplinaria (Vol. 44, pp. 243–258). Fondo Editorial Universitario de la Universidad Nacional Experimental del Sur del Lago de Maracaibo Jesús María Semprum. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34957.20961
Moya, A., y Moreta, R. (2022). Víctimas de cyberbullying y su influencia en las Dificultades de Regulación Emocional en adolescentes del Ecuador. Psychology, Society & Education, 14(1), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.21071/psye.v14i1.14066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21071/psye.v14i1.14066
Muñoz-Troncoso, F., Cuadrado-Gordillo, I., Riquelme-Mella, E., Miranda-Zapata, E., y Ortiz-Velosa, E. (2022). Perception of school violence: indicators of normalization in Mapuche and non-Mapuche students. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010024
Ndetei, D. M., Mutiso, V., Shanley, J. R., Musyimi, C., Nyamai, P., Munyua, T., ... & Sourander, A. (2024). Face-to-face bullying in and outside of schools and cyberbullying are associated with suicidality in Kenyan high school students: a public health issue. BMC psychiatry, 24(1), 277. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05739-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05739-7
Orozco-Vargas, A. E., García-López, G. I., Venebra-Muñoz, A., y Aguilera-Reyes, U. (2021). Un modelo multidimensional de la violencia escolar en México: factores familiares y psicológicos. Behavioral Psychology/Psicologia Conductual, 29(3). https://www.behavioralpsycho.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/08.Orozco_29-3Es.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.51668/bp.8321308s
Pereira, M., Fernandes, O. M., & Relva, I. C. (2022). Ciberbullying, ideação suicida e comunicação parento-filial em adolescentes e jovens adultos. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 40(2). https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.10894 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.10894
Redondo Pacheco, J. (2023). Variables asociadas al fenómeno del ciberbullying en adolescentes colombianos. Revista de Psicología (PUCP), 41(1), 219-239. http://dx.doi.org/10.18800/psico.202301.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18800/psico.202301.009
Riehm, K. E., Mojtabai, R., Adams, L. B., Krueger, E. A., Mattingly, D. T., Nestadt, P. S., & Leventhal, A. M. (2021). Adolescents’ concerns about school violence or shootings and association with depressive, anxiety, and panic symptoms. JAMA network open, 4(11), e2132131-e2132131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.32131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.32131
Rodrigues Silva, G. R., Carvalho de Lima, M. L., Lins Acioli, R. M., y Kelly Barreira, A. (2021). A influência da violência familiar e entre pares na prática do bullying por adolescentes escolares. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 26, 4933-4943. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320212611.3.20632019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320212611.3.20632019
Skilbred-Fjeld, S., Reme, S. E., & Mossige, S. (2020). Cyberbullying involvement and mental health problems among late adolescents. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2020-1-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2020-1-5
Ssenyonga, J., Hermenau, K., Nkuba, M., & Hecker, T. (2019). Stress and positive attitudes towards violent discipline are associated with school violence by Ugandan teachers. Child abuse & neglect, 93, 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.04.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.04.012
Thai, T. T., Duong, M. H. T., Vo, D. K., Dang, N. T. T., Huynh, Q. N. H., & Tran, H. G. N. (2022). Cyber-victimization and its association with depression among Vietnamese adolescents. PeerJ, 10, e12907. https://peerj.com/articles/12907/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12907
Tian, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2022). School violence: Causes, impacts and solutions. In 2022 International Conference on Sport Science, Education and Social Development (SSESD 2022) (pp. 545-552). Atlantis Press. https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/ssesd-22/125977044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-13-8_64
Torres, C. E., D’Alessio, S. J., & Stolzenberg, L. (2020). The effect of social, verbal, physical, and cyberbullying victimization on academic performance. Victims & Offenders, 15(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2019.1681571 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2019.1681571
Tramontano, C., Nocentini, A., Palmerio, L., Losito, B., & Menesini, E. (2020). Mapping community, social, and economic risks to investigate the association with school violence and bullying in Italy. Child Abuse & Neglect, 109, 104746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104746 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104746
Voltas, N., Morales-Hidalgo, P., Hernández-Martínez, C., & Canals-Sans, J. (2023). Self-perceived bullying victimization in pre-adolescent schoolchildren with ADHD. Psicothema, 35(4), 351-363. https://www.psicothema.com/pdf/4817.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2022.360
Wachs, S., Wettstein, A., Bilz, L., Krause, N., Ballaschk, C., Kansok-Dusche, J., & Wright, M. F. (2022). Playing by the rules? An investigation of the relationship between social norms and adolescents’ hate speech perpetration in schools. Journal of interpersonal violence, 37(21-22). https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211056032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211056032
Weisbrot, D. M., Carlson, G. A., Ettinger, A. B., Reed, M. L., Fanning, K. M., & Bostic, R. C. (2023). Psychiatric characteristics of students who make threats toward others at school. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 62(7), 764-776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2022.12.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2022.12.016
Zeladita-Huaman, J. A., Montes-Iturrizaga, I., Moran-Paredes, G. I., Zegarra-Chapoñan, R., Cuba-Sancho, J. M., y Aparco, J. P. (2020). Factores asociados a las actitudes hacia la violencia en escolares de las zonas urbano-marginales de Lima Metropolitana, 2019. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica, 37(4), 627-635. https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2020.374.5154 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2020.374.5154
Zhou, L., & Wang, F. (2020). Is Sex Hormone the Driving Force of School Violence? The Neurobehavioral Evidence. The Neurobehavioral Evidence (October 27, 2020). Science Insights Education Frontiers, 7(1), 727-734. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3726168 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.20.co002
Zhu, C., Huang, S., Evans, R., & Zhang, W. (2021). Cyberbullying among adolescents and children: a comprehensive review of the global situation, risk factors, and preventive measures. Frontiers in public health, 9, 634909. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.634909 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.634909
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Irene Marely Ballena Alcantara, Dilser Ivan Carrasco Huaman, Manuel Vidaurre Yerren, Alonso Abedh Bocanegra Ancajima
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
