Ergonomic Evaluation of Physical and Cognitive Factors in University Faculty: A Study of Musculoskeletal and Psychosocial Risks in the Academic Workplace

Abstract

Introduction: Ergonomics plays a fundamental role in promoting healthy work environments, particularly in university teaching, where prolonged use of computer equipment and the mental demands of academic roles generate musculoskeletal and psychosocial risks. In contexts such as Ecuador, the limited application of systematic ergonomic assessments has contributed to an increase in these conditions among faculty members. Objectives: To identify and analyze the physical and cognitive ergonomic risk factors present in the workstations of university professors, as well as associated psychosocial risks, in order to propose intervention strategies aimed at improving occupational health and well-being. Materials and Methods: An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted. Three standardized and validated instruments were applied: the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, the Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA) method for postural evaluation, and the Psychosocial Risk Questionnaire from the Ministry of Labor. The sample consisted of six full-time university professors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and variable cross-tabulations. Results: All evaluated professors (100%) reported musculoskeletal discomfort, mainly in the lumbar region (83.3%), cervical area (66.7%), and wrists (50%). ROSA scores ranged from 7 to 8, indicating a high level of ergonomic risk that requires immediate intervention. In the psychosocial dimension, 83.3% presented a medium level of risk, particularly in workload, skill development, and leadership domains. Conclusions: The ergonomic and organizational conditions of university teaching workstations do not meet appropriate standards, negatively impacting the physical and mental health of academic staff. It is recommended to implement ergonomic intervention programs, provide specific training in applied ergonomics, and adopt institutional measures to improve the teaching work environment.